Sunday, April 18, 2010
Brief Exam III Review
Sorry for the delays.
1. Non-foliated - no preferred orientation of minerals. Marble and quartzite.
2. Preferred alignment of prismatic crystals or flat, platy minerals. Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss.
3. Slate - phyllite - Schist.
4. Water promotes the more active movement of ions, causing more substantial mineral changes.
5. Regional and Contact.
6. Vulcan Quarry in Norcross.
7. Ductile - takes place in deep settings at higher temperatures, where the rocks are flexible enough to fold and not break.
Brittle - takes place closer to surface, where rocks are colder and tend to fault, fracture, or joint.
8. Protolith - the original rock which is altered by metamorphism. Shale - slate. Limestone - marble.
9. Calcite and Wollastonite.
10. Blue Ridge and Piedmont.
11. Schist.
12. Relative Age Dating - using different geological principles to identify a series of events.
13. Absolute Age Dating - using radiometric decay of selected isotopes to estimate geologic age of particular igneous rocks.
14. Original orientation of sedimentary rocks - horizontal, also known as Original Horizontality, identified by Nicolas Steno. He also identified Superposition and Lateral Continuity.
15. Angular Unconformity - layers below tilted or folded, layers above - horizontal.
Nonconformity - sedimentary layers over igneous or metamorphic rocks.
Disconformity - parallel layers above and below erosion surface.
16. You can see all three types from Hopi Point, on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon.
17. On slide #3, there is a Nonconformity with the Tapeats Sandstone overlying the Brahma Schist, not a Disconformity.
18. James Hutton was responsible for Inclusions and Cross-cutting relationships. A xenolith is an example of an inclusion in an igneous rock. A fault is a cross-cutting relationship.
19. The Hermit Shale is present at both the Grand Canyon and at Sedona, AZ.
20. The Organ Rock Shale and the Moenkopi Formation are present at both Monument Valley and Canyonlands National Park.
21. An Index Fossil is a fossil that is geographically widespread, with a short existence in the fossil record. William Smith first recognized them.
22. Half-life is the time needed for half of a radioactive element to break down to its stable daughter product.
23. An isotope is a variety of an element with one or more extra neutrons.
24. The Cambrian Period marked the first widespread appearance of hard-shelled organisms.
The end of the Permian Period marked a widespread mass-extinction, with the loss of 90 - 95% of marine species.
The end of the Cretaceous Period marked the widespread mass-extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonites.
25. The late part of the Triassic Period, when modern corals and dinosaurs appeared in the fossil record, was approximately 210 million years ago.
1. Non-foliated - no preferred orientation of minerals. Marble and quartzite.
2. Preferred alignment of prismatic crystals or flat, platy minerals. Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss.
3. Slate - phyllite - Schist.
4. Water promotes the more active movement of ions, causing more substantial mineral changes.
5. Regional and Contact.
6. Vulcan Quarry in Norcross.
7. Ductile - takes place in deep settings at higher temperatures, where the rocks are flexible enough to fold and not break.
Brittle - takes place closer to surface, where rocks are colder and tend to fault, fracture, or joint.
8. Protolith - the original rock which is altered by metamorphism. Shale - slate. Limestone - marble.
9. Calcite and Wollastonite.
10. Blue Ridge and Piedmont.
11. Schist.
12. Relative Age Dating - using different geological principles to identify a series of events.
13. Absolute Age Dating - using radiometric decay of selected isotopes to estimate geologic age of particular igneous rocks.
14. Original orientation of sedimentary rocks - horizontal, also known as Original Horizontality, identified by Nicolas Steno. He also identified Superposition and Lateral Continuity.
15. Angular Unconformity - layers below tilted or folded, layers above - horizontal.
Nonconformity - sedimentary layers over igneous or metamorphic rocks.
Disconformity - parallel layers above and below erosion surface.
16. You can see all three types from Hopi Point, on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon.
17. On slide #3, there is a Nonconformity with the Tapeats Sandstone overlying the Brahma Schist, not a Disconformity.
18. James Hutton was responsible for Inclusions and Cross-cutting relationships. A xenolith is an example of an inclusion in an igneous rock. A fault is a cross-cutting relationship.
19. The Hermit Shale is present at both the Grand Canyon and at Sedona, AZ.
20. The Organ Rock Shale and the Moenkopi Formation are present at both Monument Valley and Canyonlands National Park.
21. An Index Fossil is a fossil that is geographically widespread, with a short existence in the fossil record. William Smith first recognized them.
22. Half-life is the time needed for half of a radioactive element to break down to its stable daughter product.
23. An isotope is a variety of an element with one or more extra neutrons.
24. The Cambrian Period marked the first widespread appearance of hard-shelled organisms.
The end of the Permian Period marked a widespread mass-extinction, with the loss of 90 - 95% of marine species.
The end of the Cretaceous Period marked the widespread mass-extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonites.
25. The late part of the Triassic Period, when modern corals and dinosaurs appeared in the fossil record, was approximately 210 million years ago.
# posted by on-the-rocks @ 11:12 PM 
